Nero’s reign began with promise, as he was initially seen as a more moderate and benevolent ruler. In the early years of his reign, he was advised by notable figures such as the philosopher Seneca and the praetorian prefect Burrus, and his government saw relative peace and stability. However, over time, Nero’s leadership became characterized by indulgence, cruelty, and a desire for personal glory.

• Extravagance: Nero was known for his lavish lifestyle and extravagant spending. He was deeply involved in the arts, particularly music and theater, and he fancied himself an accomplished performer. He famously participated in public performances, singing, acting, and even competing in chariot races, much to the dismay of the Roman elite, who saw such behavior as unbecoming of an emperor.

• The Great Fire of Rome (64 CE): One of the most infamous events during Nero’s reign was the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE, which destroyed much of the city. While ancient sources vary on the details, rumors spread that Nero had either started the fire or failed to act swiftly to prevent it, so he could clear space for his grand new palace, the Domus Aurea (Golden House). Despite these allegations, Nero blamed the Christians for the fire, leading to the first major persecution of Christians in the empire. This event further tarnished his reputation.

• Political Purges and Brutality: As his reign progressed, Nero became increasingly paranoid and ruthless. He eliminated perceived rivals, including prominent senators and even his own family members. His mother, Agrippina, was executed after a failed attempt on her life orchestrated by Nero himself. His wife, Octavia, was accused of infidelity and exiled, and he eventually had her executed as well. The most notorious of his murders was that of his second wife, Poppaea Sabina, whom he is said to have kicked to death during an argument while she was pregnant. shutdown123